• GENERAL METABOLISM
  • BIOENERGETICS AND METABOLISM
    • METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES
      • Metabolism of polysaccharides
        • Glycogen Metabolism
          • Glycogen degradation
          • Glycogen biosynthesis
        • Metabolism of starch
        • Metabolism of maltodextrin
          • Catabolism of cyclomaltodextrin
          • Catabolism of maltodextrin
        • Metabolism of cellulose
          • Degradation of cellulose
          • Biosynthesis of cellulose
        • Other polysaccharides
          • 1,3-beta-D-glucan biosynthesis
          • Catabolism of paramylon
      • Metabolism of disaccharides
        • Lactose
          • Lactose transmembrane transport
          • Lactose degradation
          • Tagatose-6-phosphate pathway
          • Lactose to Galactose
        • Maltose
        • Melibiose
          • Melibiose transmembrane transport
          • Melibiose catabolism
        • Sucrose
          • Sucrose Biosynthesis
          • Sucrose Catabolism
        • Trehalose
          • Trehalose Biosynthesis
          • Trehalose Catabolism
      • Metabolism of monosaccharides
        • Arabinose
          • Arabinose to Xylulose
          • Arabinose to 2-oxoglutarate
          • Arabinose to pyruvate
        • Fuculose
        • Fructose
          • Fructose transmembrane transport
          • Fructose as a substrate
            • Fructose to Lactate
            • Fructose to Mannitol
            • Fructose to Pyruvate
            • Fructose to Sucrose
            • GDPfucose biosynthesis
            • GDPrhamnose biosynthesis
            • UDP-acetylglucosamine biosynthesis
          • Fructose as a product
            • Oxidative Hexosemonophosphate cycle
            • Non-oxidative Hexosemonophosphate cycle
            • Degradation of Glucosamine
            • Degradation of Mannitol
            • Degradation of Mannose
            • Degradation of Sorbitol
            • Degradation of Sorbose
            • Degradation of Sucrose
            • Degradation of Xylitol
          • Phosphorylation of Fructose
          • Phosphorylation of Phosphofructokinase 2
          • Dephosphorylation of Fructose-NP
        • Fucose
        • Glucose
          • Glucose as a Substrate
            • Embden-Meyerhoff pathway
            • Anaerobic glycolysis
            • Oxidative Hexosemonophosphate cycle
            • Entner Doudoroff pathway
            • Fermentation of glucose
              • Acetate fermentation
              • Acetone fermentation
              • Butanol fermentation
              • Butanoate fermentation
              • Ethanol fermentation
            • Gluconate pathway
            • Sorbitol biosynthesis
            • CDPparatose biosynthesis
            • dTDP-dMannose biosynthesis
            • dTDPrhamnose biosynthesis
            • UDPglucuronate biosynthesis
            • Myo-inositol biosynthesis
          • Glucose as a Product
            • Gluconeogenesis
            • Galactose to Glucose
            • Maltose to Glucose
            • Melibiose to Glucose
            • Sucrose to Glucose
            • Trehalose to Glucose
            • Lactosylceramide degradation
            • UDPglucose Catabolism
            • Beta-galactosidase reaction
          • Phosphorylation of Glucose
        • Galactose
          • Galactose as a substrate
            • Galactose to Glucose
            • Galactose oxidation
          • Galactose as a product
            • Galactinol to Galactose
            • Lactose to Galactose
            • Melibiose to Galactose
            • UDPglucose to UDPgalactose
            • Beta-galactoside degradation
        • Mannose
          • Mannose as a substrate
            • Mannose to Fructose
            • Mannose to GDPrhamnose
          • Mannose as a product
            • Fructose to dMannose
            • G1P to dTDP-dMannose
            • F6P to GDPmannose
        • Rhamnose
          • Rhamnose as a substrate
            • GDPrhamnose biosynthesis
            • dTDPrhamnose biosynthesis
          • Rhamnose degradation
            • Rhamnose catabolism
            • Oxidative Rhamnose catabolism
            • Anaerobic Rhamnose catabolism
        • Ribose
          • Ribose transmembrane transport
          • Ribose as a substate
            • Non-oxidative Hexosemonophosphate cycle
            • Ribose to Xylulose
            • Adenine salvage pathway
            • Hypoxanthine salvage pathway
            • Xanthine salvage pathway
            • Guanine salvage pathway
            • Nicotinate salvage pathway
            • Uracil salvage pathway
            • de novo IMP biosynthesis
            • CTP anabolism
            • UTP biosynthesis
            • dRibose-1-P degradation
          • Ribose as a product
            • Acetate to dRibose-1P
            • Acetyl-CoA to dRibose-1P
            • Adenine degradation
            • Inosine degradation
          • Phosphorylation of Ribose
        • Sedoheptulose
        • Sorbose
        • Xylose
      • Metabolism of aminosugars
        • Metabolism of glucosamine
        • Metabolism of mannosamine
      • Metabolism sugar alcohols
        • Arabinitol
        • Galactitol
        • Mannitol
        • Myo-inositol metabolism
        • Ribitol
        • Sorbitol
        • Xylitol
        • Metabolism of uronic acids
      • Metabolism of organic acids
        • Lactate
          • Lactate transmembrane transport
          • Lactate as a substrate
            • Lactate oxidation
            • Gluconeogenesis from lactate
            • Acetolactate Catabolism
          • Lactate as a product
            • Anaerobic glycolysis
            • Fuculose to Lactate
            • Glycerol fermentation
            • Methylglyoxal to Lactate
            • Threonine to Lactate
      • Main pathways of carbohydrate metabolism
        • Anabolic
          • Pentose-Phosphate Shunt
            • Oxidative Hexosemonophosphate cycle
            • Non-oxidative Hexosemonophosphate cycle
          • Gluconeogenesis
          • Photosynthesis
            • Photosystem I
            • Photosystem II
            • Calvin cycle
            • Biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments
              • Chlorophylls
              • Biliproteins
          • Methanogenesis
            • Methanogenesis from CO2
              • Methyl-viologen reducing hydrogenase
              • F420-reducing hydrogenase
              • NAD(+)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase
              • Formate dehydrogenase
              • N5,N10-Methylenetetrahydromethanopterin dehydrogenase
              • Dihydrofolate reductase
              • Methyl coenzyme M reductase
        • Catabolic
          • Glycolysis
            • Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway
            • Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
            • Anaerobic glycolysis
            • Fermentation
            • Pentose-Phosphate Shunt
            • Glucuronate pathway
            • Methylglyoxal Metabolism
            • Glyoxylate Metabolism
            • Glycerate metabolism
            • Glycolate cycle
          • Catabolism of other carbohydrates
      • Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
      • TCA
      • Truncated TCA cycle
      • Metabolism of TCA intermediates
        • Acetyl CoA
        • Citrate
        • Isocitrate
        • 2-oxoglutarate
          • 2-oxoglutarate as a subtrate
            • 2-oxoglutarate to Glutamate
            • Glutamate synthase pathway
            • 2-oxoglutarate to Lysine
            • 2-oxoglutarate to Acetyl-CoA
            • 2-oxoglutarate to Succinate
            • 2-oxoglutarate to Succinyl-CoA
            • Degradation of Isoleucine(2-oxoglutarate)
            • Degradation of Leucine
            • Degradation of Valine(2-oxoglutarate)
          • 2-oxoglutarate as a product
            • Alanine aminotransferase reaction
            • Aspartate aminotransferase reaction
            • Truncated TCA cycle
            • Galactarate to 2-oxoglutarate
            • Arabinose to 2-oxoglutarate
            • Threonine degradation
            • Isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate
            • Chorismate to Phenylalanine,2-oxoglutarate
            • Prephenate to Phenylalanine,2-oxoglutarate
            • Prephenate to Tyrosine,2-oxoglutarate
        • Succinyl CoA
          • Glutamate fermentation
          • Succinyl CoA as a product
            • Degradation of Isoleucine(2-oxoglutarate)
            • Degradation of Isoleucine(pyruvate)
            • Degradation of Valine(2-oxoglutarate)
            • Degradation of Valine(pyruvate)
            • Catechol `ortho`-cleavage pathway
            • Anaerobic Succinyl-CoA biosynthesis
            • Propanoyl-CoA to Succinyl-CoA
        • Succinate
        • Fumarate
        • Malate
        • Oxaloacetate
      • Dicarboxylic acid cycle(Krebs-Kornberg cycle)
      • Regulation of carbohydrates metabolism
    • Metabolism of monocarbon compounds
      • Carbon dioxide hydratation
      • Bicarbonate dehydratation
      • Cyanide degradation
      • Cyanide to Formate
      • Formate to CO2
      • Carbamoyl phosphate catabolism
      • Methane oxidation
      • Urea catabolism
      • One carbon cycle
    • OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
      • Complex I (NADH to Ubiquinone)
        • NADH dehydrogenase complex
      • Complex II (Succinate to Ubiquinone)
        • Succinate dehydrogenase complex
      • Complex III (Ubiquinone to Cytochrome c)
        • Ubiquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase
      • Complex IV (Reduction of O2)
        • Cytochrome oxidase complex
      • Electron carriers
        • Flavoproteins
        • Iron-sulfur proteins
        • Cytochromes
        • Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)
        • Ferredoxin
        • Thioredoxin
    • ATP BIOSYNTHESIS
      • ATP synthase
      • ATP transport
        • Adenosine nucleotide translocase
        • Phosphate translocase (symporter)
    • METABOLISM OF PROTEINS, AMINO ACIDS AND RELATED MOLECULES
      • Protein degradation
        • Proteases
          • Endopeptidases (proteinases)
          • Proteinase inhibitors
          • Exopeptidases
        • IgA degradation
        • Host `O`-sialoglycoprotein catabolism
        • Prolipoprotein-oligopeptide catabolism
        • Maturation of proteins
          • Procarboxypeptidase B activation
          • Proangiotensin-angiotensin conversion
          • Trypsinogen-trypsin conversion
      • Degradation of oligopeptides
      • Nascent peptide chain intracellular transport
      • Catabolism of the amino acids
        • Alanine Catabolism
        • Arginine Catabolism
        • Aspartate Catabolism
        • Asparagine Catabolism
        • Cysteine Catabolism
        • Glutamate Catabolism
        • Glutamine Catabolism
        • Glycine Catabolism
        • Histidine Catabolism
        • Isoleucine Catabolism
          • Degradation of Isoleucine(2-oxoglutarate)
          • Degradation of Isoleucine(pyruvate)
        • Leucine Catabolism
        • Lysine Catabolism
        • Methionine Catabolism
        • Phenylalanine Catabolism
        • Proline Catabolism
        • Serine Catabolism
        • Threonine Catabolism
        • Tryptophan Catabolism
        • Tyrosine Catabolism
        • Valine Catabolism
          • Degradation of Valine(2-oxoglutarate)
          • Degradation of Valine(pyruvate)
      • Amino Acid biosynthesis
        • Chorismate metabolism
        • Urea metabolism
        • Ornithine metabolism
        • Alanine Anabolism
        • Arginine Anabolism
        • Aspartate Anabolism
        • Asparagine Anabolism
        • Cysteine Anabolism
        • Glutamate Anabolism
        • Glutamine Anabolism
        • Glycine Anabolism
        • Histidine Anabolism
        • Isoleucine Anabolism
        • Leucine Anabolism
        • Lysine Anabolism
        • Methionine Anabolism
        • Phenylalanine Anabolism
        • Proline Anabolism
        • Serine Anabolism
        • Threonine Anabolism
        • Tryptophan Anabolism
        • Tyrosine Anabolism
        • Valine Anabolism
        • Metabolism of derivatives of aminoacids
          • Biogenous amines
            • Derivatives of ethanolamine(cholin,muscarin)
            • Polymethylene diamines(putrescin,cadaverin)
            • Polyamines(spermine,spermidine)
            • Imidozalylalkylamines(histamine)
            • Melanin
            • Catecholamines(adrenaline,noradrenaline,dopamine)
            • Indolalkylamines(serotonine,tryptamine)
            • Betaines(betaine,carnitine)
            • Creatine,creatinine
      • Heme and porphyrins
      • Metabolism of bile pigments
    • METABOLISM OF NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
      • Degradation of the nucleic acids
        • DNA degradation
        • RNA degradation
      • Metabolism of purines
        • Metabolism of purine bases
          • Catabolism of adenine and derivatives
            • Adenine degradation
            • Adenine salvage pathway
            • Adenine to hypoxanthine
            • AMP to adenine
            • Adenosine to adenine
            • DNA adenine methylation
            • Adenosine to inosine
            • Deoxyadenosine to deoxyinosine
            • AMP to adenosine
            • Periplasmic NAD degradation
            • AMP to inosine
            • Cyclic-AMP signal transduction
            • CyclicAMP to AMP
            • AMP to IMP
            • ATP to ADP
            • ATP to AMP
            • mRNA precursor biosynthesis
            • AppppA biosynthesis
          • Catabolism of Guanine and derivatives
            • Guanosine to guanine
            • GMP to guanine
            • Deoxyguanosine to guanine
            • Guanine salvage pathway
            • Guanine to xanthine
            • GMP to guanosine
            • Deoxyguanosine,orthophosphate to GMP
            • Deoxyguanosine utilization
            • CyclicGMP to GMP
            • GMP to IMP
            • AMP to GTP
            • GTP to riboflavin
            • GTP to guanosine
            • GTP to dihydrofolate
            • ppGpp degradation
            • GTP to dihydrobiopterin
            • DNA demethylation
          • Catabolism of Inosine and derivatives
            • Hypoxanthine salvage pathway
            • Inosine to IMP
            • Deoxyinosine utilization
            • IMP to inosine
            • IMP to AMP
            • IMP to GMP
            • IMP to hypoxanthine
          • Xanthine
            • Hypoxanthine salvage pathway
            • Xanthine salvage pathway
            • IMP to hypoxanthine
            • Adenine deamination
            • Deoxyinosine utilization
            • Guanine to xanthine
            • Inosine nucleosidase reaction
            • Xanthine to urate
        • Catabolism of pyrimidines
          • Catabolism of Thymine and derivatives
            • Thymine degradation
            • Thymidine to TMP
            • Thymidine to thymine
            • Deoxythymidine to dTMP
            • Deoxythymidine to thymine
            • TTP to TDP
            • TTP to TMP
            • dTTP to dTDP
          • Catabolism of Cytosine and derivatives
            • Cytidine to CMP
            • Cytidine to uracil
            • Deoxycytidine to CMP
            • Deoxycytidine to deoxyuridine
            • Cytosine to malonate,urea
            • Cytosine to uracil,NH(,3)
            • Deoxycytosine to dUMP
            • Methylcytosine degradation
            • mRNA precursor biosynthesis
            • CTP to CMP
            • CTP to UTP
          • Catabolism of Uracil and derivatives
      • Biosynthesis of nucleotides
        • Purine Biosynthesis
          • Biosynthesis of Adenine and derivatives
          • Biosynthesis of Guanine and derivatives
          • Biosynthesis of Inosine and derivatives
        • Pyrimidine Biosynthesis
          • Biosynthesis of Thymine and derivatives
          • Biosynthesis of Cytosine and derivatives
          • Biosynthesis of Uracil and derivatives
    • METABOLISM OF LIPIDS
      • Degradation of lipids
        • Lipases
        • Degradation of neutral lipids
        • Degradation of membrane lipids
          • Degradation of phospholipids
          • Degradation of glycolipids
        • Fatty acid degradation
        • Glycerol degradation
        • Glycerol fermentation
      • Lipids biosynthesis
        • Biosynthesis of fatty acids
        • Glycerol biosynthesis
        • Biosynthesis of membrane lipids
          • Biosynthesis of phospholipids
          • Biosynthesis of glycolipids
          • Metabolism of acylglycerols
        • Biosynthesis of terpens
          • Monoterpens
          • Eicosanoids
            • Biosynthesis of prostaglandins
          • Isoprenoids
            • Retinol (vitamin A)
            • Calciferol (vitamin D2)
            • Vitamin D3
            • Tocopherol (vitamin E)
            • Vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinone)
            • Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)
            • Plastoquinone
            • Dolichol phosphate
          • Steroids
    • METABOLISM OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
      • Biosynthesis of aromatic compounds
        • Chorismic acid pathway
        • Polyketide pathway
        • Other pathways of aromatic biosyntesis
      • Catabolism of aromatic compounds
        • Biodegradation pathways
          • Atrazine (UM-BBD)
          • 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (UM-BBD)
          • Naphthalene (UM-BBD)
          • Pentachlorophenol (UM-BBD)
          • Toluene (UM-BBD)
          • 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (UM-BBD)
          • Degradation of Substituted Catechols
            • meta-cleavage pathway
              • Meta pathway
              • Extradiol dioxygenases
              • 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase
              • 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrogenase
              • 2-hydroxypent-2,4-dienoate hydratase
              • Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
              • 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase
              • 4-oxalocrotonate decarboxylase
              • 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase
        • ortho-cleavage pathway
          • Ortho pathway
          • Intradiol dioxygenases
        • Ring oxygenases
          • Monooxygenases
          • Dioxygenases
        • Dehalogenases
        • Phenol degradation
        • Aminocyclopropane-Carboxylate degradation
        • Hydroxybenzoate degradation
        • Mandelate catabolism
        • Cresol degradation
    • ELECTRON TRANSPORT
      • Oxidative phosphorylation
        • Complex I (NADH to Ubiquinone)
          • NADH dehydrogenase complex
        • Complex II (Succinate to Ubiquinone)
          • Succinate dehydrogenase complex
        • Complex III (Ubiquinone to Cytochrome c)
          • Ubiquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase
        • Complex IV (Reduction of O2)
          • Cytochrome oxidase complex
        • Electron carriers
          • Flavoproteins
          • Iron-sulfur proteins
          • Cytochromes
          • Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)
          • Plastoquinone
          • Ferredoxin
          • Thioredoxin
        • Other pathways of electron transport
    • METABOLISM OF COENZYMES AND PROSTHETIC GROUPS
      • Coenzymes
        • Oxidoreduction coenzymes
          • NAD biosynthesis
          • NADPH
          • Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)
          • Plastoquinone
          • FADH2
          • Lipoamide
          • Glutathione Metabolism
            • Biosynthesis of Glutathione
            • Glutathione Catabolism
          • Heme coenzymes(Cytochromes)
          • Ferredoxin
          • Thioredoxin
        • Group transfer coenzymes
          • Nucleoside phosphates
          • ATP synthesis
            • ATP synthase
          • Biotin or CO2-biotin enzymes
          • Pyridoxal phosphate(vitamin B6)
          • Tetrahydrofolic acid
          • Thiamine pyrophospate
          • Dolichol phosphate
          • Acyl carrier protein
          • Coenzyme A
        • Izomerization coenzymes
          • Coenzyme form of vitB12
          • UDP
        • Coenzymes of methanogenesis
          • F420 (5-dezaflavin)
          • Methanofuran (MF)
          • Tetrahydromethanopterin(H4MPT)
          • Coenzyme M
          • Cobamides
          • F430
      • Vitamins
        • Water-soluble vitamins
          • Ascorbate (vitamin C)
          • Biotin
          • Cobalamine (vitamin B12)
          • Folate
          • Nicotinate (niacin)
          • Pantothenate
          • Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)
          • Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
          • Thiamine (vitamin B1)
        • Fat-soluble vitamins
          • Calciferol (vitamin D2)
          • Vitamin D3
          • Retinol (vitamin A)
          • Tocopherol (vitamin E)
          • Vitamin K (phylloquinone and menaquinone)
      • Metabolism of sulfur
      • Phosphate metabolism
      • Nitrate metabolism
    • TRANSMEMBRANE TRANSPORT
      • Active transport
        • ATP-ases
        • Na+K+-ATPases
        • Inhibitors of ATP-ases
        • ABC transporters
        • Transhydrogenases
      • Group translocation
        • Phosphotransferase system (PTS)
      • Other pathways of transmembrane transport
    • SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
  • INFORMATION PATHWAYS
    • DNA replication
      • Initiation of replication
        • Prepriming complex components:
          • DnaA protein
          • DnaB protein (helicase)
          • DnaC protein
          • HU (Histone-like stimulator)
          • Primases
          • SSB (Single-stranded DNA-binding protein)
          • RNA polymerase
          • DNA topoisomerase II
          • Ici A (Inhibitor of Chromosomal Initiation)
        • Initiation complex components:
          • DnaA protein
          • DnaB protein (helicase)
          • DnaC protein
          • DnaG protein
          • DnaT protein
          • DnaJ protein (heat shock protein)
          • DnaK protein (HSP70)
      • Elongation of the leading strand
        • Primase
        • DNA polymerases
      • Elongation of the lagging strand
        • DnaA protein
        • DnaB protein
        • DnaC protein
        • DnaG protein
        • SSB (Single-stranded DNA-binding protein)
        • DnaT protein
        • Protein n
        • DNA ligase
        • DNA polymerase I
        • DNA topoisomerase II
        • DNA polymerase III
        • DNA topoisomerase I
        • Rep (helicase)
        • DNA helicase II
      • Termination of replication
        • DNA topoisomerase IV
      • Regulation of replication
      • DNA polymerases
        • DNA polymerase I
        • DNA polymerase II
        • DNA polymerase III
        • DNA polymerase alpha
        • DNA polymerase beta
        • DNA polymerase gamma
        • DNA polymerase delta
        • DNA polymerase epsilon
    • DNA Modification and Repair
      • Excision-based repair
        • Mismatch repair
          • DAM-methylases (adenine-methylating)
          • MutH protein
          • MutL protein
          • MutS protein
          • SSB (Single-stranded DNA-binding protein)
          • DNA polymerase III
          • DNA ligase
          • Exonuclease I
        • Base-excision repair
          • Base-excision pathway
          • DNA glycosidases
          • AP Endonucleases
          • DNA ligase
          • DNA polymerase I
        • Nucleotide-excision repair
          • ABC excinuclease
          • DNA ligase
          • DNA polymerase I
        • Direct repair
          • DNA photolyases
          • O6-Methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase
          • Endonucleases
      • Post-replication repair
        • RecA protein
        • RecB protein
        • RecC protein
        • RecF protein
      • Error-prone (SOS) DNA-repair
        • LexA protein
        • RecA protein
        • ABC excinuclease
        • UmuC protein
        • UmuD protein
        • Cell division inhibitor
        • UvrA protein
        • UvrB protein
        • UvrC protein
        • UvrD protein
        • Integration host factor
        • RecN protein
        • DinF protein
        • Methylphosphotriester DNA alkyltransferase
      • UV-damaged dsDNA excion repair
      • DNA modification
        • DNA methylases
          • HSD-methylases (adenine-methylating)
          • DAM-methylases (adenine-methylating)
          • DCM-methylases (cytosine-methylating)
        • Restrictases
          • Type I restrictases
          • Type II restrictases
          • Type III restrictases
    • DNA recombination
      • RecA protein
      • RecB protein
      • RecC protein
      • RecD protein
      • Holiday junction nuclease
      • Transposases
      • Recombinases
      • Other recombination factors
    • DNA-packaging
      • Bacterial DNA-packaging
        • DNA-binding proteins
        • Histone-like proteins
      • DNA-packaging in eukaryotes
        • Histones
        • Non-histones:
          • Ubiquitin
          • Protamin
    • Transcription
      • Stage 1. Initiation of transcription
        • Sigma-factors
        • Modulators of sigma-factors
        • DNA-directed RNA-polymerase
      • Stage 2. Elongation
        • RNA polymerases
          • RNA polymerase I
          • RNA polymerase II
          • RNA polymerase III
      • Stage 3. Termination of transcription
        • Transcription termination factors
        • Transcription antitermination proteins
      • Regulation of transcription
      • RNA processing
        • RNA-splicing
        • Maturation of RNA
      • RNA-dependent synthesis of RNA and DNA
        • Reverse transcriptases
        • Telomerases
        • RNA-directed RNA polymerases
      • Pathways of RNA biosynthesis
    • Protein biosynthesis
      • Ribosomal proteins
      • Stage 1. Activation of aminoacids
        • Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases:
          • Argininyl-tRNA synthetase (class I)
          • Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (class I)
          • Glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (class I)
          • Glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (class I)
          • Isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (class I)
          • Leucyl-tRNA synthetase (class I)
          • Methionyl-tRNA synthetase (class I)
          • Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (class I)
          • Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (class I)
          • Valyl-tRNA synthetase (class I)
          • Alanyl-tRNA synthetase (class II)
          • Aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (class II)
          • Asparagyl-tRNA synthetase (class II)
          • Glycyl-tRNA synthetase (class II)
          • Histidyl-tRNA synthetase (class II)
          • Lysyl-tRNA synthetase (class II)
          • Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (class II)
          • Prolyl-tRNA synthetase (class II)
          • Seryl-tRNA synthetase (class II)
          • Threonyl-tRNA synthetase (class II)
      • Stage 2. Initiation
        • Initiation factors
      • Stage 3. Elongation
        • Elongation factors
      • Post-translational modifications
        • Protein folding
        • Group I Chaperonines (CPN60)
          • GroEL (Eubacteria)
          • HSP60 (mitochondria)
          • Rubisco-binding protein (chloroplasts,plastids)
        • Group II Chaperonins
          • TF55 (Arcaebacteria)
          • TCP-1 (Eukaryotes)
        • Other chaperones
          • clpA clpB family of chaperonins
          • Small HSP family
          • GroES (Eubacteria)
          • Pili assembly chaperone (Gr- bacteria)
        • Probable Chaperones
          • HSP70 protein family
          • HSP90 protein family
  • OTHER FUNCTIONS (UNDER CONSTRUCTION)
    • CELL STRUCTURE
      • Cell walls
        • Metabolism of teichoic acids
        • Murein biosynthesis
        • Metabolism of chitin
        • Metabolism of plant cell walls
        • Cell wall associated proteins
      • Biomembranes
        • Ion Channels
        • Porins
      • Cytoskeleton
        • Microfilaments
        • Spectrin Membrane Skeleton
      • Organelle Structure and Function
        • Organelles involved in Macromolecular Synthesis
          • Endoplasmatic Reticulum
          • Golgi Apparatus
    • ORGANISM DEVELOPMENT
      • Productional proteins
      • Homeobox proteins
      • Embryonal proteins
• BIODEGRADATION PATHWAYS
  • Catabolism of Aromatic Compounds
  • Atrazine (UM-BBD)
  • 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (UM-BBD)
  • Naphthalene (UM-BBD)
  • Pentachlorophenol (UM-BBD)
  • Toluene (UM-BBD)
  • 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (UM-BBD)
  • Catabolism of Aliphatic Compounds
  • 1,2-Dichloroethane (UM-BBD)
  • Degradation of Substituted Catechols
    • meta-cleavage pathway
      • Meta pathway
      • Extradiol dioxygenases
      • 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase
      • 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrogenase
      • 2-hydroxypent-2,4-dienoate hydratase
      • Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
      • 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate aldolase
      • 4-oxalocrotonate decarboxylase
      • 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase
• ortho-cleavage pathway
  • Ortho pathway
  • Intradiol dioxygenases
• Ring oxygenases
  • Monooxygenases
  • Dioxygenases
• Dehalogenases
• Phenol degradation
• Aminocyclopropane-Carboxylate degradation
• Hydroxybenzoate degradation
• Mandelate catabolism
• Cresol degradation
• UNSORTED
  • Transport
  • Chemotaxis and mobility
  • Sporulation
  • Bacterial immunity proteins
  • Superoxide dismutases
    • Cu and Zn containing
    • Fe containing
    • Mn containing
  • Catalases
  • Resistance to antibiotics
• PRODUCTS OF SECONDARY METABOLISM
  • Antibiotics
  • Toxins
  • Detoxication
• Hypothetical proteins
• Protein kinases
• Biologically active peptides
  • Alpha-melanotropin
• Classes of enzymes
  • Oxidoreductases
  • Transferases
  • Hydrolases
  • Lyases
  • Isomerases
  • Ligases
  • Synthetases
  • ATP-ases
  • Lysozyme
  • Haemolysin
• Non-enzymatic classes
  • Assorted regulatory
  • Operon repressors
  • Zinc finger protein motifs
• Plasmids (PLASMID-SPECIFIC COMPONENTS)
  • TRAH proteins

Unclassified Pathways:

Unclassified Alignments: