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介 紹 人 物 |
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Osward
T.Avery
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國 籍 |
America |
照 片 |
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年 代 |
1877-1955 |
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學 經 歷 |
1913 洛克斐勒中心助理研究員 1923 “ 博士 |
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專 長 |
Bacteriology |
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著 作 |
Studies
on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal
Types. - Avery, O. T., MacLeod, C. M., and
McCarty, M., J. Exp. Med.,79, 137(1944) |
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得 獎 |
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Not
found |
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簡 述 |
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Oswald
Theodore Avery, a research physician and bacteriologist, joined the
Rockefeller Institute for medical Research as an Assistant in 1913 and rose
to the position of Member in 1923. A ranking researcher on pneumonia, Avery
was one of the founders of the science of immunochemistry and discoverer of
the transforming nature of DNA. He retired to Nashville, Tennessee in 1949. (Took
from http://www.rockefeller.edu/archive.ctr/ru_ota.html) |
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參 考 資 料 |
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Wyatt,
H. V., Nature, 235, 86(1972) “The
Chemical Nature of the Gene,” in The Birth of Molecular Biology, P.31-39 http://www.rockefeller.edu/archive.ctr/ru_ota.html |
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詳 述 |
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Here I introduce an American scientist,
Osward T.Avery. Avery started his most famous experiment-transfering
of genetic elements between pneumococci-in the Rockefeller Institute
in Newyork in 1935. He worked with Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty
for nearly a decade. At that time they had known that pneumococci has
two types: the S-type which the capsule is intact, thus making the bacterial
colonies appear smooth. The capsule inhibits phagocytosis of pneumococci.
The other kind is the R-type, which lacks capsule and has rough colonies
appearance. This type is not pathogenic at all. Avery and his coworkers purified
the transforming factor of pneumococci.
Using the phenominon called transformation that the bacteria may uptake
gene from enviroment, they used the purified transforming element from
S-type to "inducing the transformation of unencapsulated R variants
of pneumococcus Type II into fully encapsulated cells of the same specific
type as that of the heat-killed mocroorganisms from whach the inducing
material was recovered." After purification, they used many techniques
at that time to analyse the "active transforming material",
finding that it contains no protein, unbound lipid or else. They published their work at Journal
of Experimental Medicine, which they said in their conclution: The evidence
presented supports the belief that a nucleic acid of the desoxyribose
type is the fundamental unit of the transforming principle of Pneumococcus
Type III.For many reasons, their report didn't have a significant impact.So
even their contribution is now well known, Avery didn't award any price
at that moment. But their discovery still passed to Edwin Chargaff in
Columbia University, Luria' Hershey and Chase in Cold Spring Harbor,
leading them to search for more evidence about genetic element, built
the way for Watson and Click to brind on the revolution of molecular
biology.
Written on 8 October, 2001
Dinosaurs
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